Chicken Pox essays

Chicken Pox articles What's your opinion of when you here the term chicken pox? Presumably an extremely irritated time in you life or a bothersome time hanging tight ahead for you, except if you are one of only a handful barely any fortunate ones. I know getting chicken pox presumably wasnt the best time in your life however nearly everybody needs to go however it. Its helps me to remember getting your shots before you can start school, you detest getting them, however you are told its a need. Before the 6th century shingles, an optional disease of chicken pox was distinguished. At that point after the nineteen century chicken pox was recognized as a different ailment from the smallpox sickness. In 1995 the United States Food and Drug Organization endorsed the principal antibody against chicken pox. This came after extraordinary testing in Japan which appeared there was no waiting impacts. Despite the fact that the immunization is being used today and is demonstrated to be protected, it is still under discussion in the event that it ought to be utilized and on the off chance that it Chicken pox is brought about by the varicalla-zoster infection (VZV). Chicken pox is very infectious, around 4,000,000 cases happen every year. Taking in wheezed air by somebody who is contaminated with chicken pox is the most widely recognized way this illness is The most evident side effect is a bothersome rash which begins the body and scalp and spreads to the face, arms, and legs. This rash structures rankles that dry and become scabs in four to five days. A tainted individual may have anyplace from just a couple of scabs to additional than 500 scabs on their body during and assault. At the point when you get the rash you ought to have a specialist analyze it. Rashes have numerous various causes, this is the reason it is ideal to have a specialist analyze the illness. The person might get some information about contact with other youngsters who have chicken pox or measles or other Rashes arent the main indication of chicken pox, an individual migh ... <!

Causes of Technological and Economic Growth by Ester Boserup in Population and Technology and by Lewis Mumford in The Myth of Machine Technics and Human Development

Chronicled contrasts in mechanical change by Ester Boserup Beserup proposes a hypothesis that populace thickness was one of the most compelling, if not the most, factors in innovative advancement. In this regard, civic establishments that had expanded populace thickness as far as individuals in a distinct territory were bound to encounter innovative changes. Promoting We will compose a custom article test on Causes of Technological and Economic Growth by Ester Boserup in Population and Technology and by Lewis Mumford in The Myth of Machine: Technics and Human Development explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some innovative creations, in any event, being valuable and very pertinent, can stay unrealised until the conditions change as far as populace thickness, food shortage, and food flexibly. In this regard, information can remain unimplemented for an extensive stretch of time. The creator guarantees that the period and time allotment important for acknowledgment of some information and its application in life can be anticipated with the assistance of investigation of populace thickness, populace development, and the development rate. At the end of the day, the authentic contrasts in the speed of innovative change can be clarified as far as the interrelations between populace needs, segment circumstance, and acknowledgment of information. I feel that her clarification is fairly persuading on the grounds that there ought to be some drive in the public arena or science to advance and support the handy acknowledgment of information and its presentation to beat a few issues looked by society. Investigation of mechanical change by Lewis Mumford Lewis Mumford examinations innovation as an extent of machines focused on advancement of private enterprise in human culture. Likewise, this creator called strict angles and fighting solid components that contributed significantly to the mechanical change. In addition, Mumford saw ‘technics’, as he called innovation, in blend with strict and social qualities as a one entire or ‘organic mechanism’. In this regard, Mumford broke down mechanical advancement as the one identified with private enterprise and social variables: innovative changes can limit individuals to power or increment potential and exist as a ‘machine’ in blend with social elements. Contrasts and similitudes The idea of ‘technics’ by Mumford and ‘technology’ by Boserup Boserup’s idea of ‘technology’ incorporates advancement of horticulture as she examinations the strategies for individuals in conquering starvation and different burdens identified with food shortage, development of populace, or abatement of assets. Promoting Looking for article on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, Ester Boserup recommends agribusiness and procedures utilized for streng thening of harvest development, advancement of yield obstruction techniques, and different instruments that can be utilized to battle the issues identified with food shortage and populace development. In spite of the fact that Mumford asserted about the utilization of innovation as he called it ‘technics’, he understood the danger of mechanical advancement to the advancement of social and strict divisions. Ways to deal with innovative change Boserup approaches mechanical change as intends to locate a proper use of information and conquer starvation or different troubles experienced by populace due to increment in populace thickness, decline in assets, and different elements identified with condition, land, and segment circumstance. Then again, Mumford approaches mechanical change as the one that can make the human life progressively advantageous or increasingly confined. Clarification of ‘Promethean impulse’ Mumford clarifies the ‘Promethean impulseâ €™ as a move from the innovation as an instrument to limit and confine human life to capacity to individual utilization of mechanical advancement items and techniques. For Boserup, a motivation remembered suitable conditions for society and condition with the goal that specific information, that could be possibly used to beat certain trouble, was figured it out. Reference List Boserup, Ester, 1981. Populace and innovation. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Mumford, Lewis, 1967. The fantasy of the machine: Technics and human turn of events. San Diego, California: Harcourt, Brace World. This paper on Causes of Technological and Economic Growth by Ester Boserup in Population and Technology and by Lewis Mumford in The Myth of Machine: Technics and Human Development was composed and put together by client Hulk to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; nonetheless, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

12+1 Best and Worst Excuses for Missing Work

12+1 Best and Worst Excuses for Missing Work Looking for a new job and need a day off to keep up with the applications? Perhaps you are just feeling a little under the weather and you need a break. Everyone needs time off from work at times and the excuses for doing so can range from the believable to the unbelievable.Whatever your real reason for staying home, here are the best and the worst excuses you can give for missing work. THE BEST EXCUSES FOR MISSING WORKThe employment market isn’t all that sunny right now and employees are doing everything they can to hold on to their jobs. The phenomenon of “presenteeism”, which means showing up even when you shouldn’t, is real.However, there are legitimate reasons for staying home. Sometimes you don’t even need to be actually sick to call in sick for a day â€" having a break in this hectic world shouldn’t be a crime.What makes an excuse a good one?But what are these elusive good excuses? There are three layers to a good excuse:The foundation of a good excuse is about being believable. You won’t be able to get away without questions and follow-ups if your excuse sounds more like a science fiction book than a reason to stay home. Aliens landing on your back garden is not believable while catching flu is something all humans go through at some point.The second layer of a good excuse is being considerate. While you are staying home and causing disruption in the workplace, a good excuse will always show a bit of selflessness. Your excuse should always be about not having another option â€" you need to make it like you can’t find another solution to your current state and you just have to stay home.Finally, your excuse must have a layer honesty. Now, this doesn’t mean you need to tell the whole truth â€" after all, we are talking about excuses here. You still want to have a hint of honesty in the excuse to make it sound more believable and considerate. For example, you might not have an actual family emergency on hand but you still want to spend some time with your grandmother who’s visiting from far away.The top 6 best excusesSo, if you need to stay home to look for a new job or recharge your batteries, here are the best excuses managers love to hear.1. You deserve itHave you worked hard in the past few months and achieved all your goals? How about you go straight to the point and say you deserve a day off just because you’ve been performing like a champion.Of course, this excuse only works if you’ve actually been doing well â€" you need to have shown up earlier, done extra work and helped your co-workers to pull this off. However, it’s a great excuse and one that might leave your boss speechless. If your performance is good, there’s nothing to argue with you!2. You are sick (including mental health issues)Calling in and saying your sick is an age-old excuse but it works. Everyone will have an upset stomach at times or a slight cough that makes them feel unable to talk â€" your boss won’t be asking for a doctor’s note for a bit of sickness. Contagious diseases like the common flu are especially good excuses â€" your boss doesn’t want you to make everyone sick!With mental health issues becoming a subject employer’s take seriously, you can even use that as a reason for a day off. Feeling anxious can be an excuse for staying home for a day. In fact, your boss might be less likely to think you ’re lying if you say you need some time due to depression or anxiety.However, you can’t use the excuse too often or every single time without it starting to sound a bit too suspicious. You also don’t want to make your sickness sound too dramatic â€" no one really recovers from pneumonia in one day!3. You have a family emergencyAnother familiar and common excuse is the family emergency excuse. If you have children, then you could tell the boss one of them is sick or needs special attention.You might even get away with a family emergency with your spouse or parents â€" bosses don’t generally want to start asking too many questions about your personal life and they will let you get away with staying home for a day.4. You have a household emergencyYou might just have woken up feeling a little cold but tell your boss you have a broken heating system to get a day off. A household emergency such as things being broken or leaking can work as an excuse to stay home. Many household pr oblems can’t wait and you can’t fix them without being at home.Another good reason here is saying you’re waiting for a delivery. While a pizza delivery isn’t a valid excuse, you might have a new appliance or furniture coming in and your boss should understand you need to be home to accept it.5. You can’t get to work due to bad weather/non-working public transportFor this good excuse to work it actually has to be true because your boss will know if you are lying. Saying you’re snowed in the house won’t really work if it’s not true â€" your boss could just check the weather to find out you’re lying.However, if the weather is rather severe or the public transport is not working properly, you can definitely use it as an excuse for staying home. Even if it isn’t actually impossible to get to work, you can just whip it up as an excuse and do something productive at home instead.6. You’re working from home/out of officeA great clever excuse for staying home is to say you’ll be working from home. You don’t need to spend the whole day on your mission â€" just do enough things to prove to your boss you did get things done and have the rest of the day to yourself. You’ll also save time on the commute so even if you work (or apply to jobs!), you can still have a more relaxing day.This is also a great excuse for those who manage clients. You can just say you are taking the client out. You can simply have lunch with them and spend the rest of the day doing other things.THE WORST EXCUSES FOR MISSING WORKBut there are excuses you shouldn’t use as well. These will probably only end up getting you in trouble or you’ll be answering a lot of questions once you do show up to work.When is an excuse bad?Just as there are three layers to a good excuse, there are three elements to a bad excuse. You know your excuse is bad if it:Has the main layer of being unbelievable. If the excuse is a crazy story that takes 15-minutes to explain, then you won’t get a pass with it. Something that sounds stupid as an excuse will simply make your boss laugh and say ‘no’. As mentioned above, an alien landing from the sky won’t sound like a reason to skip work because it probably isn’t happening.Mainly sounds selfish. If your excuse is just about you and your wellbeing it might end up making the boss sound mad. While you might deserve to lie in the bed all day long, it will still cause disruption at work. If you sound like you don’t care about work with your excuse, your boss might react more negatively to your claims. You might get to stay home but your boss might be disappointed in you and it could hinder your career in the long-term.It has a layer of outrageous lies. If your excuse sounds like an obvious lie, then it obviously is the worst excuse ever. Saying your child is sick when you don’t even have one is just plain stupid.The top 6 worst excusesHere are the six worst excuses you can give to your boss when you miss work.1. You†™re too tired/boredFeeling tired or bored is not really an excuse to stay home. You definitely want to color your excuse a little â€" just claim you are sick even if you just can’t be bothered.Your boss won’t appreciate your honesty in this case but might instead offer you some more C-vitamin to boost your energy levels. So, use one of the six excuses above and start looking for a job that doesn’t make you bored!2. You’ve been at a party/going to oneYou do know your work schedule, right? That means you shouldn’t end up partying the night before if you know you’ll have a hangover the next day. It’s not responsible to party when you have work the next day and using it as an excuse just won’t fly with bosses.3. Your vehicle won’t startA broken vehicle is a rather lame excuse although it’s a common one to use. Why does it suck as an excuse? Because you could just take out your smartphone and get an Uber instead of skipping work.Taxi-hailing apps are not that costly â €" in fact, your boss might even offer to reimburse you for the journey if you say the car won’t start. If you live in the city, then public transport is another option. If you just choose to stay at home, your boss might start questioning your commitment to work and feel like it’s time for a discussion.4. You can’t handle the workloadDon’t use busy work schedule as an excuse to stay home. If you’re actually suffering from the workload, bring up the topic with your boss and see what can be done. If you excuse yourself for this reason, you’re just going to end up with a lot more work and push the workload to your colleagues.Both of which won’t make you look like a good colleague. Again, it’s much better to claim you’re simply sick than to say you can’t handle the projects.5. Your alarm didn’t workThe oldest excuse in the book is to say your alarm didn’t work. But sleeping longer doesn’t really mean you need to miss the whole day, right? You could just get up and go to work for the rest of the day. The excuse is simply lazy and ineffective â€" it will land you in more trouble than saying you had a family emergency even when you didn’t.6. You’re too cold or too hotIt might sound silly but people have actually claimed to have to miss work because they feel too hot or cold at work. It’s actually not a completely valid reason to miss work and it’s a poor excuse as well.You probably have a wardrobe at home and your boss is likely to tell you to use it if this is your problem! Simply wear more clothing if you’re cold and less clothing if you’re hot.+1. You’ve had a death in the family (when you haven’t!)Finally, there is one bonus excuse you never-ever want to use and that’s someone’s death. Now, it’s OK to take time off work if you’ve actually had a death in the family or you need to attend a funeral. However, you should never claim someone has died when they actually haven’t.This is simply a horrible excuse â€" not only does it trick people into being sympathetic when you’re lying but it’s also horrible play on the most personal of emotions â€" it’s disrespectful towards anyone who has ever lost a loved one.THE BOTTOM LINE OF FINDING EXCUSES TO MISS WORKYou do sometimes find yourself having to skip work. It might be because you ended up having a party when you shouldn’t or because you are currently hoping to find a better workplace. You can’t always reveal the reason and as the above examples show, neither should you always tell the truth.A good excuse isn’t necessarily a lie but it’s most important quality is to be a believable excuse. You can’t make outrageous stories and then be surprised when the boss wants a better explanation.So, if you are going to have to miss work make sure your excuses stick. You don’t want to get into further trouble by giving a stupid reason for not showing up. Either you go to work or you use one of the best excuses and give your boss no reason to doubt your story. And remember, you don’t want to use excuses all the time!

French Verb Conjugations for Sauver to Save

Cognitive Therapy And Mental Health Problems - 914 Words

including day dreams as well as their reactions to the environment around them. When looking at schemas in relation to psychopathology there are patterns of distorted or faulty thinking that the individual engages in (Beck, 1970). Lastly, cognitive errors focus on the faulty thinking that patients have developed due to the way that they experience the world around them. Cognitive therapy aims to shift this pattern of thinking teaching the patient how to reframe their thoughts to a more rational thought pattern. While this book was written specifically for work with depressed patients, Beck begins to notice within his practice that this therapy technique could be adapted to treat other disorders specifically anxiety and anger. Throughout the 1970s Beck adapts his theory to patients experiencing other mental health problems and finds similar success. Beck’s continued work in Cognitive Therapy led to growing recognition within the psychology field and became one of the three lead ing cognitive therapy approaches during that time (Dryden, 1996). Over time, Cognitive Therapy has continued to undergo adaptations due to the ever changing field of psychology. Currently, Cognitive Therapy is used interchangeably with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Nature of Support Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a treatment model used by many mental health practitioners, including social workers. In recent years there has been a push for social workers to use evidenced based practice models inShow MoreRelatedThe Biological Model Of Mental Illness1356 Words   |  6 Pages As defined by experts, a mental illness is a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and involves changes in thinking, emotion, behavior, interpersonal interactions, daily functioning, or a combination. 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Comparing Literary Devices In A Doll House And A Dolls...

The texts that have been analyzed have have contrasting literary devices, this can be ascribed to the fact that â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† was written as a novel with the intent to be read and â€Å"A Dolls House† a play with the intent to be watched and acted out. Thus the way in which they express the literary devices have different effects and evoke emotions differently within their respective audiences. Ibsen incorporates both inner and outer conflict in A Dolls House with a specific end goal to propel the story and keep the crowd intrigued and locked in. Outer clashes amongst Nora and Torvald, or Nora and Krogstad, assist the plot and help make an enthralling play that all the more nearly takes after the contentions we look in every day†¦show more content†¦The final example of this device is the way that Atticus would not generally like to shoot the dog as it was not something he preferred doing but rather he took the responsibility upon himself. Also, he isnt required to battle prejudice in representing Tom yet he takes responsibility for that as well. Another case of hinting is when Scout and Jem start to discover gifts left for them in a tree opening. The youngsters are thrilled however careful. This hints the connection between Scout and Boo Radley, the town recluse and how something at first alarming or uneasy can transform into something great. The respective titles of each novel hold a large significance in the understanding of each text while also highlighting the underlying symbolism that each play would like to push. As the play was initially composed in Norwegian, a few scholars claim the title is A Dolls House while some regard it as A Doll House. The primary title suggests the doll has ownership over the house, the second is to a greater extent an engaging measure of the house itself. Numerous researchers contend it is the second since every one of the characters are some what doll like. Others state just Nora is genu inely doll-like and express that it is her being possessive over her home, getting a handle on for one piece longer until the point that she cant take it any longer and takes off. Similarly, the title of â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† is the most obvious use ofShow MoreRelated Comparing A Dolls House and Oedipus Rex Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesComparing A Dolls House and Oedipus Rex Ibsens drama A Dolls House, serves as an example of the kind of issue-based drama that distinguishes Ibsen from many of his contemporaries. The plays dialogue is not poetic, but very naturalistic, and the characters are recognizable people. Given the sense of modernity which the play possesses it seems unusual to compare it to a Greek tragedy produced more than two-thousand years previously. On closer examination however, there

Macbeth Macbeth The Tragic Hero Essay Example For Students

Macbeth: Macbeth The Tragic Hero Essay Macbeth: Macbeth The Tragic HeroThe most recent meaning of the word Tragic Hero as defined by MicrosoftWorks dictionary is A hero of noble stature whose fortunes are reversed as aresult of weakness. Many characters in the play were affected by tragedy fora number of reasons, but without argue, Macbeth and his reverse of fortunes aredue to his own actions, and the rest of the cast were merely victims of this. Macbeths actions lead to his very nemises. From the beginning of the play thistragedy of his was manifested through forces beyond human; the supernatural ifyou will. These forces were that of the witches. The next factor in determininghis fate was his own decisions and actions. Lady Macbeth is the second reasonfor Macbeths tragedy; without her support in aiding his decision, Macbeth wouldhave never had the strength to lie, scheme, and destroy to such extremes. Thelast, and most devastating to Macbeth, was his cripled conscious which made himact out of selfeshness and lust. The sequence of these factors were mostdefenitely provoked by the evilness and twisted nature of the witches, for if itwerent for their influence, then Macbeth would have never turned his desiresinto reality. At the very beginning of the play Macbeth is nothing but a generalfighting for his country. His fellow fighters admire Macbeth, for in theireyes, and even in the eyes of the highest of authority, his nobility andcouragousness is looked up to. His success for his acheivement is rewarded, andhis confidence is made stronger because of this. But this is only the beginning,and soon these good fortunes will come to a tragic end. The audience is thenintroduced to a group of witches. Three witches who appear as wicked andrepulsive. They seem to signify all that is wrong and corrupt. Macbeths over-confident attitude is the first characteristic the witches detect, and they takeadvantage of this trait to make his life as miserable as they possibly can. Heencounters the witches in Act1, scene1, and from this point he is now a stepcloser to realising what his future holds so he thinks. The witches firstaddress Macbeth as king, and Banguo as one Lesser than Macbeth.(1.2.65) Infact,Macbeth isnt kin g, never the less, the witches insist in prophecising that heis and will be. The witches are already planting seeds of persuation into hishead which are made to bloom into tragedy. These destructive and manipulativeforces the witches have power over alter his viewpoints about his values andmorals beyond the point of no return. Already, it is a tragedy in itself thatMacbeths invulnarability lead him to believing such evilness. Macbeth may have listened and considered what may be true about thewitchs prophecies, but he should be credited with the fact that he did havedoubt. It is true that Macbeth thought about what he had to do in order to everbecome king, and he could never imagined himself going as far as killing kingDuncan: Why, if fate will have me king, fate may crown me.(1.7.14) In otherwords, he hasnt established his decision yet. But now we are introduced to Lady Macbeth. She is very pleased to hearof Macbeths victory and she is very supportive once hes successfullyconsidered thane of Cawdor. She sees the horizon for her husband is now broader,and she wants only the best for him. Macbeth tells her what the witches see inhis future, and this gives her scope to an even grander possibilty; they cankill the king and make the vision actuality. So at this point it is LadyMacbeths to encourage Macbeth into following his dreams, despite what is rightor wrong. She doesnt allow Macbeth to be coward and she makes it very clear tohim that he lacks manhood:What beast wast then/ That made you break this enterprise to me?/ Whenyou durst do it, then you were a man;/ And, to be more than what you were,you would Be so much more the man. Nor time nore place Did then adhere,and yet you would make both;/They have made themselves, and that theirfitness now/ Does unmake you. I have given suck, and konw How tender tisto love the bab e that milks me:/ I would, while it was smiling in my face,/Have pluckd my nipple from his boneless gums,/ And dashd the brainsout, had I so sworn as you/ Have done to this.(1.7.48-59)Lady Macbeth convinces Macbeth to follow through with the killing of King Duncan. .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5 , .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5 .postImageUrl , .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5 , .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5:hover , .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5:visited , .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5:active { border:0!important; } .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5:active , .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5 .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uef4e04970cfa277da6c355476424eec5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Karl Marx Essay PaperShes now the second persuasive factor which aids Macbeth into the tragicdemise which is soon to come. Now it is up to Macbeth to analyze his thoughtsand decide his fate. He great hero of noble stature, Macbeth, chose the wrong path forhimself; he chose to follow his greed as well the depraved influences around him. These components lead to his killing the king, killing innocent people likewomen and children, which is cruel in itself, the loss of his morals and sanity,the lose of love for his wife, and at the end of the play, the loss of his verylife. All that he worked for was reversed as a result of his weakness, asdefined by the word tragic hero. His conversion from bad to good ultimatelyaffected his fortunes.

Poverty, Homelessness and Discrimination in Australia The case of the Aboriginal

MARIJUANA The Controversial Drug essays

MARIJUANA The Controversial Drug essays Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded flowers and leaves of the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa. Marijuana is often called by street names such as pot, herb, weed, boom, Mary Jane, gangster, reefer, or chronic. There are more than 200 slang Cannabis was acknowledged as early as 2,700 BC in Chinese manuscripts. Marijuana has been used as a medicine throughout the world since the beginning of written history. During this time, companies such as Lilly, Parke Daivis, Tildens, Squibb, and other major drug manufacturers, have made everything from sleeping elixirs, to stomach medicine from marijuana. These drugs were even knowingly prescribed for Since 1839 there have been numerous reports in favor of utilizing medical marijuana. In 1839 Dr. W.B. OShaugnessy, a respected member of the Royal Academy of Science, was one of the first in the medical profession to present the true facts concerning Dr. OShaugnessys report states clearly, that experience indicates the use of marijuana to be a beneficial analgesic, and to have anticonvulsant, and muscle-relaxant properties. He found it to be effective in treating rheumatism (inflammation or pain in muscles or joints), epilepsy, and spasmodic conditions. In 1860, Dr. R.R. MMeens, indicated to the Ohio State Medical Society, the usefulness of marijuana in treating tetanus, neuralgia (pain in the nerves), uterine hemorrhage, child labor, convulsions, asthma, bronchitis, and even postpartum psychosis. It was also noted for its affect as an appetite stimulant. This is desperately needed in modern medicine especially by cancer and aids patients to prevent them from literally wasting away. Many of these patients have indicated that no other remedy helps to stimulate the appetite as effectively as smoking a small quantity of marijuana. It was also noted that smoking the natural plant was significantly more ...

Discussion Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Response - Essay Example A comparison of sub cohorts by involvement in physical activity however identified lowest relative risk, in odds ratio, at 0.74 among women who involved in active physical activity and relatively high risk factor of 1.02 among women who engaged in less or no physical activity at all. This led to a conclusion that involvement in physical activity by women reduces their relative risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, though this relationship is not significant. A comparison of the relationship among cohorts by body weigh however identifies a significant difference with lean or normal weights associated with relatively lower risks. The post accurately reviews the article, though the figure 32269 was before the exclusion criteria and the actual participants were 1506. The post’s definition of relative risk is also accurate but restricted to the scope of disease susceptibility (Dishman, Heath and Lee, 2012). Its report on the likely relationship between the type of cancer and women’s weight is also consistent with the research findings (Leitmann, 2008) and is supported by published literature that identifies an indirect proportionality between body weight and a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer after her menopause (Courneya and Friedenrich, 2010; Irwin, 2012). The class of women has also reported an inverse relationship between postmenopausal breast cancer and involvement in exercise (Fritz and Speroff, 2010). Leitzmann, M., Moore, S., Peters, T., Lacey, J., Schatzkin, A., Schairer, C., . . . Albanes, D. (2008). Prospective study of physical activity and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research, 10(5),

Business Strategy in a Global Environment Essay - 1

Business Strategy in a Global Environment - Essay Example The new business scenario opens new vista for growth for all corporates. There are deeper challenges before them. The task before entrepreneurs is to make use of the wider growth potential and face challenges more comprehensively. In this scenario, companies have to devise a new approach for growth and give shape global strategy to face the competition and face challenges ahead. Knowledge management, risk management, strategic management, and resource management are some of the new terms in this global business scenario. Companies need to taken into consideration market information in other parts of the country and purchasing and behaving patterns of people in potential markets before devising strategies and roadmaps for growth. International trade is termed as exchange of products and services across boundaries of countries and continents. From the beginning of human history there had been some kind of trade between individuals and communities. Exchange of service and trade had been a voluntary action among individuals and communities in the beginning. They first communities shared their excess resources and additional services to co habitants without expecting any monitory benefits. At that resources were abundant and majority of people were involved in agriculture. But as the civilizations emerged and people have settled in particular area, some kind of economics introduced to the exchange of good and services. People have traveled around the world searching better prospects. Europeans and Chinese travelers had sailed and find out new routes and destinations. They sourced products from Asia, Northern America and Europe and sell in other markets. This can be considered as the first step of cross continent and national trade. Later trade has emerged as a major area for most of the countries around the world. Most of the wars fought were on the trade interest. Emperors sailed and traveled world over searching of larger trade prospective. It was in the colonial period that globalization in its actual concept was evolved. The Europeans had conquered countries in Asia, Africa and North America with larger trade interest. They find it easy to source products and human power to improve trade prospects. The companies in Europe had entered into these markets and expanded their products and services. Later the colonialists could not carry the huge burden of this undeveloped area and population as the freedom struggle got intensified. So they left these colonies and most of them got independence. Western companies had also left these newly independent countries. The trade policies of these newly formed countries were more inward looking and there were some kind of xenophobia. But in the second half of the 20th century, many of these countries realized the necessity of technology, new products and services. The cold war had seen some kind of polarization even in the trade scenario. The so called socialist countries had grouped with former United States of Socialist Republic or Soviet Union. Europeans countries and United States had formed another alliance of developed countries. The international trade during that time was also highly polarized. It was British, European and Americans, who had started the trend of entering overseas markets seeking better

Sniffing Attacks Prevention and Detection Techniques

Sniffing Attacks Prevention and Detection Techniques Security in Wired/Wireless Networks:  Sniffing Attacks Prevention and Detection Techniques in Wired and Wireless Local Area Networks (LAN) ABSTRACT During the past era, Information Technology made a revolution in RD. No doubt Internet becomes an essential backbone for all sciences and research nowadays. Accordingly security threats and data banks attacks turn out to be a phenomenon. Thus, granting protection to such crucial information becomes a high demand. While reviewing the latest studies in this area, there are strong signs that attacking information warehouse is the hot topic nowadays. Moreover, preventing attacks to TCP/IP networks and what are the most efficient techniques to protect it, is the most targeted research area for security experts. For instance, what so called the Man-in-the-Middle attack [MiM] and Denial of Service [DoS] are just some ways of vulnerable attacks to TCP/IP networks, using some tools available free on the internet. They are sniffing the data traffic or causing service denial. In our research, we evaluated the most famous security solutions and classifying them according to their efficiency against detecting or preventing the types of Address Resolution Protocol [ARP] Spoofing attacks. Based of the surprising experimental results in the security lab, we proposed an optimal algorithm to enhance their ability Keywords: Sniffing Attacks, ARP cache poisoning, Man-in-the-Middle [MiM], Intrusion Prevention Detection technique [IPS/IDS], Denial of Service [DoS] CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview As we mentioned in the abstract section that this research is focusing on the internal attack within the local area network [LAN] which is forming the major and critical attacks which the network resources are exposed to according to recent studies conducted in the Information Security domain[1]. We will demonstrate two major attacks affecting the Internet users the local network; The MiM attack[2] (Man-in-the-Middle Attack) and DoS (Denial-of-Service). There are many tools and softwares widely available and for free of cost which can carry out many attacks over the network and violate the privacy of users, such tools like Sniffers[3] monitors data traveling over a network, it either can be of authorized or unauthorized function. It was started initially as a Network Analyzer to help the Administrator to perform health check and maintain the network activities; however it is used today to redirect the traffic and access confidential files. Traditionally, research in the area of information and communication security focused on helping developers of systems prevent security vulnerabilities in the systems they produce, before the systems are released to customers. the majority of studies on network security, are considering only the external attacks. Internal as well as external are of the outmost importance when it comes to information security, but need to be complemented with more depth research for developing detection and prevention mechanisms, and studying internal threats. The research plan we followed in our work presented here are as follows: a. Address Resolution Protocol [ARP] b. ARP Spoofing attack [Poisoning] c. ARP Spoofing based MiM DoS attacks d. Experiments e. Optimal ARP Spoofing detection algorithm f. Results analysis g. Conclusion 1.1.1 What is an ARP: The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) [4] is used by computers to map network addresses (IP) to physical addresses or what is usually refer to: Media Access Control addresses (MAC). It translates IP addresses to Ethernet MAC addresses and classified as a Networking protocol used to find hosts address given its IP address. Some network expert consider it as a DataLink Layer protocol because it only operates on the local area network or point-to-point link that a host is connected to[5]. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is documented in RFC 826[1] and later it was adopted by other media, such as FDDI[6]. For more details about Internet Protocols Suits; see appendix [1] 1.1.2 How it works: The ARP Process RARP As we stated formerly from an architecture perspective, ARP is a layer 3 function (Network), however in a programming perspective ARP is considered as layer 2 (Datalink) because it calls the LAN data like layer code. RARP is stand for; Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, and it is a network protocol used to resolve a MAC address to the corresponding network layer address, i.e. RARP is used to map a MAC address to an IP address exactly the reverse function of the ARP request/reply. 1.1.3 Types of ARP/RARP protocol messages: There are four types of ARP massages that are sent by an ARP protocol: a. ARP request b. ARP reply c. RARP request d. RARP reply As we just said in the definition, ARP is used to map network address (IP) to physical address (MAC) and when a host need to communicate with another host it needs to know its MAC address. Here comes ARP protocol and works by broadcasting a packet (ARP-Request) for any hosts connected over the Ethernet network. The ARP packet contains the IP address of the sender and the IP address of the target it is interested in communicating with. See (1.2) and (1.3): However, the target host, identifying that the IP address in the ARP request packet is belong to itself, so it returns an answer back in a unicast reply (ARP-Reply) and the host which initiated the ARP request catches the [IP,MAC] pair and keeps it in ARP cache memory. Keeping the host reply in cache will minimize the ARP traffic in the LAN. See (1.4): So simply when the ARP request is broadcasted to all PCs on the network it asks the following question: Is x.x.x.x is your IP address?, if Yes send back your MAC address. Then every PC checks if its IP address is matching the one in ARP request and sends ARP reply with its MAC address. But the repeated ARP requests especially when it is broadcasted every time a MAC address is required; creates a high traffic in the network, and hence the Operating Systems keep copy of the ARP replies in the computers cache memory and update it frequently with any new pair, this will help in reducing the ARP requests number[9]. By the way ARP spoofing technique which we are going to talk about in the next chapter is occurring when forged ARP replies is created and sent to the source computer who initiated the ARP request formerly and updated its ARP cache with fake information. We will know afterward this kind of exploitation is called poisoning the ARP cache. The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol [RARP] is broadcasting a RARP request packet with the target MAC address which will be received by all hosts in the Ethernet network. Host which its MAC address is matching the one in the RARP request will reply with its IP address in the RARP reply packet and sends it to the host which initiated the RARP request. Afterward the IP address which consists of 32 bit will be converted to 48 bit Ethernet address, by the suitable encapsulation mechanism. This is the common practice for the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which is documented in RFC 826 [51]. ARP defines the exchanges between network interfaces connected to an Ethernet media segment in order to map an IP address to a link layer address on demand. Link layer addresses are hardware addresses (although they are not unchallengeable) on Ethernet cards; where the IP addresses are logical addresses assigned to machines attached to the Ethernet. Accordingly a Datalink layer address is known by other names, i.e. Ethernet Addresses, Media Access Control (MAC) Addresses, and even Hardware Addresses. However, the correct term from the kernels perspective is Link Layer Address because this address can be changed via command line tools [50]. 1.1.4 ARP and RARP message formats: The ARP packet consists of Ethernet Header and Data packet; the Ethernet header is divided to: 6 bytes for the destination address 6 bytes for source address 2 bytes for the frame type in hexadecimal (e.g. 0806 for ARP 8035 for RARP) Where, the data packet structure of ARP packet is encapsulated and the information that every part holds are demonstrated in the following table[10]: Table 1.1: ARP and RARP packet structure + Bits 0 7 Bits 8 15 Bits 16 31 0 Hardware type (HTYPE) Protocol type (PTYPE) 32 Hardware length (HLEN) Protocol length (PLEN) Operation (OPER) 64 Source hardware address [MAC] (SHA) (first 32 bits) 96 Source hardware address (last 16 bits) Source protocol address (first 16 bits) 128 Sender protocol address (last 16 bits) Destination hardware address (first 16 bits) 160 Destination hardware address (THA) (last 32 bits) 192 Destination protocol address (TPA) Hardware address type (2 bytes). 1=Ethernet Protocol address type ( 2 bytes). 0800H (hexadecimal) = IP address Operation type; 1 = ARP request, 2=ARP reply, 3=RARP request, 4=RARP reply etc†¦. 1.1.5 TCP Standard Ports/Services The table below is showing, a list of services and ports used by TCP protocol: Table 1.2: TCP Ports and Services Port # Keywords Description 20 FTP-DATA File Transfer [Default Data] 21 FTP File Transfer [Control] 23 TELNET TelNet [Telecommunication network ] 25 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer 37 TIME Time 42 NAMESERVER Host Name Server 43 NICNAME Who Is 53 DOMAIN Domain Name Server 79 FINGER Finger 80 HTTP WWW 110 POP3 Post Office Protocol Version 3 111 SUNRPC SUN Remote Procedure Call CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Background 2.1.1 ARP Spoofing based on MiM and DoS attacks ARP spoofing is also called; ARP poison routing (ARP) or ARP cache poisoning or ARP Cache Corrupting. It is a method of attacking an Ethernet local area network by updating the target ARP cache with a forged ARP request and reply packets[9]. This will try to change the target MAC address by another one which the attacker has a control on it. Updating ARP cache with a fake entry value is so called ARP Poisoning. What is sniffer? or (The Network Analyzer); it is a software or a hardware which log the traffic over a network and captures the data packets, then decodes the packets and analyzes the content. Kindly notice in our research that the following terms; Spoofing, Poisoning and Cache Corrupting are referring to the same term . Furthermore, since ARP is considered as a trusted protocol within the network and is not designed to deal with malicious activities in the network, so attackers found unusual ways to illegitimately penetrate into the network; causing harmful costs. These harms or costs can be much worse when the attacker tries to impersonate another user, performs Man-in-the-Middle attacks (MiM), or even causes Denial of Service (DoS) on a Server or even the whole Network[11]. P.S. Spoof means: hoax or imitation. Thanks to the British comedian Arthur Roberts (1852-1933), who introduced the word spoof to the world in the 19th century. He invented a game and called it Spoof, it incorporates tricks nonsense[12]. Why it is so difficult to detect sniffers? †¢ The attack is essentially performed in the passive mode, which means it is hidden and working in the backend so the standard user will not recognize such attacks. Besides it is not easily for user to detect the sniffing since this kind of attacks is generating usual traffic over the network. †¢ The other point is the fact that sniffers can be normally linked to an active intrusion attacks. While talking about the requirement and resources; sniffing is only requiring a standard machine connected over the network with normal hardware configurations and there is no need to special requirements or high performance. †¢ Threat is always seen as external and many researches shows that most of the attacks are from the internal resources; according to the recent Global security surveys in 2009[13], another study [14] shows that internal threat is incredible increased to more than 80% of the security breaches, where external attacks showed about 15% with internal help and 5% just from pure outsiders. 2.1.2 How ARP caches are updated? Let us recall how the communication happens on an Ethernet LAN. As we early stated that all communications in layer 2 is based on the MAC address, so for any PC wants to talk to a target on the network is has to address it to the targets MAC address. If a source computer tries to communicate with another computer in TCP/IP based network it has to translate the targets IP into the corresponding physical address (MAC) and here where we use an ARP protocol. The translation happens by request/reply ARP broadcast processes. When the ARP requester receives the reply, it catches the pair and keep it in its ARP cache memory so it wont ask for it over again[15]. 2.1.3 ARP Cache Poisoning (Spoofing) Attack It is the process of corrupting an ARP cache with fake IP/MAC entries. It also used to perform some other attacks, for instance:  § Man-in-the-Middle (MiM) attack, also known as (MITM)  § Denial of Service (DoS) attack (refer to section 3.2) As we discussed earlier if an entry is exist in the ARP cache, then it can be updated or corrupted using ARP reply or ARP request. But what about if the entry; is NOT exist in the ARP cache? The answer is: ARP request packets always work to corrupt any Operating System ARP cache whether the entry exists or not in the ARP cache. On the other hand, for hackers, ARP requests allow them to corrupt always the target ARP caches! A recent study[16] showed by experiment the impact of the ARP request update on different Operating Systems. An experiment revealed which OS with dynamic entries in the ARP cache was vulnerable to the ARP cache poisoning attack. 2.1 [17], an evaluation for the impact of the ARP request update on different Operating Systems, e.g. Windows XP Professional, Windows 2000, 2003 Server, Linux 2.x, and Solaris 5.9: Table 2.1: ARP request impact on various OS Windows XP Windows 2000 Windows 2003 Server Linux 2.4 Linux 2.6 Free BSD 4.11 SunOS Solaris5.9 Entry exist in ARP cache? Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No ARP request √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ ARP reply √ X √ √ √ X √ X √ X √ √ √ √ √ = ARP request or reply message is accepted by the system allows the update or creation of MAC / IP entry X = ARP request or reply message is rejected by the system doest NOT allow update creation MAC/IP entry The results of the experiment indicated that: 1. If the entry does not exist in the ARP cache, all tested OSs, except Windows 2000, Free BSD 4.11 and SunOS Solaris 5.9, will not allow the creation of a new entry by an ARP reply message. 2. If the entry does not exist in the ARP cache, all tested OSs allow the creation of a new entry by an ARP request message. 3. However, if the entry existed already in the ARP cache, all tested OSs allowed its update by an ARP reply (even in the absence of an ARP request) or request message. Therefore, when using ARP reply messages, the ARP cache poisoning attack becomes difficult to realize against most OSs. However, it remains indeed possible when using ARP request messages. In conclusion, most common OSs are still vulnerable to the ARP cache poisoning attack. Malicious users can first use ARP request messages to create fake IP/MAC entries in the ARP caches of their target hosts. Then, fake ARP reply massages are used to maintain the existence of fake IP/MAC entries in the ARP caches of the target hosts. 2.1.4 Example of ARP Cache Spoofing As mentioned above the ARP Spoofing process is mainly to corrupt the ARP cache of any host over the network with fake IP/MAC pair in order to perform some serious attacks such as Man-in-the-Middle attack [MiM] or Denial-of-Service [DoS]. In the following demonstration we will show the two different steps before and after the ARP cache poisoning is taking place, in the (2.1) and (2.2). 2.1.4.1 ARP Cache Spoofing (before ARP corruption) In (2.1) its clear that the ARP cache table is legitimate for all hosts connected to the network via a switch, where we can see that every IP-address is mapped to a valid and corresponding MAC-address for that host. For instance; in ARP cache table of the host â€Å"A† ; the IP-address of the host â€Å"B† is mapped with the MAC-address of the host â€Å"B†. And the same case is applied on host â€Å"C†. On the other hand, in ARP cache table of the host â€Å"B† for example; the IP-address of the host â€Å"A† is mapped with the MAC-address of the host â€Å"A†. And the same case is applied on host â€Å"C†. Let us see what changes may occur after the cache poisoning: 2.1.4.2 ARP Cache Spoofing (after corruption) In (2.2): Host â€Å"C† is the malicious host in this scenario. It corrupted the ARP cache tables for both hosts â€Å"A† and â€Å"B†. The ARP cache table for host â€Å"A† is becoming illegitimate now, where we can see that every IP-address is mapped to an invalid and not the corresponding MAC-address for that host. For instance; in ARP cache table of the host â€Å"A† ; the IP-address of the host â€Å"B† is mapped with the MAC-address of the host â€Å"C†. And the same case is applied on host â€Å"B†. In this case whenever the host â€Å"A† want to communicate with host â€Å"B†, the TCP/IP traffic will be guided to pass by the malicious host â€Å"C† instead of â€Å"B†..! So what..? Hackers use the process of generating such abnormal ARP request packets to corrupt the ARP cache for certain hosts and perform different attacks over the network (e.g. MiM or DoS). 2.1.5 Gratuitous ARP: This process is concerned about IP address duplication attack. Such a situation is due to the case when a host sends an ARP request to look for its MAC. This may occur when the host reboots, or once changing its Ethernet Number or the IP address[17]. Gratuitous ARP is doing the following tasks: i. Finding IP address conflicts in the Network by verifying if there is another host that has the same IP address and displaying this message:  « duplicate IP address sent from Ethernet address: a:b:c:d:e:f » . ii. If a host changing its MAC or IP address by sending an ARP request, then it will force to update the ARP cache on the Network with the new MAC/IP address P.S. ARP Gratuitous is mainly influence old Operation Systems, such as; Windows XP SP1 or older. 2.1.6 MiM attack: The man-in-the-middle attack, (abbreviated as: MiM, or sometimes: MITM[18]) comes from the Packet-Sniffing[19]. MiM doesnt listen to all the packets that walk along the network as the Sniffer works, however it interfere with one or more hosts in the network and starts snooping between them. Such hosts been listened by a MiM are commonly called victims. A victim can be a normal host (e.g. PC or Notebook), gateway or even a router! An attacker who is mainly spying between two or more victims; is establishing a autonomous connections between the victims and convey messages between them as if they are directly connected. And hence we call him: Man-in-the-Middle. So far MiM is just listening to the traffic passing through two victims. Although this kind of outrage is illegitimate and can reach sensitive information like passwords, e-mail messages, encryption keys†¦etc. however it become worse and worse when he tries to go further than and inject false and fake packets and convey them between the deceived victims. According to[20] MiM attack is classified as an active attack, because the hacker manages the traffic in the network between the source and the destinations. MiM is very famous approach used by hackers nowadays and uses the ARP protocol in order to attack the ARP-Cache tables and hence control the targets[21]. By poisoning the ARP tables for all hosts in the network for example; will instruct the hosts to reroute the traffic to the Attacker host instead of the Gateway, where he starts interfering between any two or more victims. One more thing needs to be mentioned that the attacker has to forward all the interrupted packets to the original destination, so that the synchronized connection will remain and doesnt time out! In the above ; ARP spoofing occurs when sending a fake and spoofed ARP reply to the target, i.e. if the Attacker has an IP: [10.10.1.10] and wants to sniff the traffic between the Victim who has an IP: [10.10.1.20] and the Gateway which has an IP: [10.10.1.254] it simply sends fake ARP replies to associate its own MAC address with the Gateway IP [10.10.1.254]. The Victim then is trapped and starts sending all the packets intended to the Gateway to the Attacker address as in the above illustration. 2.1.7 Denial of Service [DoS]: DoS attacks; occurring when any suspicious host over the network performs ARP cache poisoning and receives any packet designated to the original target to the suspicious host and cause a block in the connection between the host and the target which is being attacked. Kindly notice that more details regarding Denial of Service [DoS] will be discussed in section (3.2) in chapter No. 3. 2.2 Evaluation Of Common Intrusion Detection Systems And Intrusion Prevention Systems 2.2.1 ARP cache poisoning and MiM attacks: The ARP cache spoofing attack and the Man-in-the-Middle attack are usually maintained and controlled by humans[22]. There are many solutions proposed in solving this type of security threat, based on different mechanisms or protocols at different OSI model layers; such as; Application layer, Network layer and Data link layer[16]. 2.2.2 Detection of ARP cache poisoning attack: Arpwatch[23] and Snort[24] are tools that are able to detect ARP cache poisoning attack by checking each packet contents. To do that, these tools monitor Ethernet activities and keep databases of Ethernet MAC/IP address pairs. If an analyzed packet has an Ethernet MAC/IP address pair, which does not appear in their databases, then the system administrator is alerted. Arpwatch and Snort are sensors that need to have access to monitoring ports on the switches (usually, known under the name of SPAN port, or mirroring port) or be placed in locations where they can see all the network traffic. Therefore, it would be more interesting and efficient to detect any ARP anomalies without the use of any access privilege or special ports on the switches. This is the case since substantial performance impact can be caused when port mirroring is in effect. This strategy makes ARP spoofing detection based on sniffing not quite viable on switched LAN networks[16]. 2.2.3 Packets sniffing and MiM attacks: On shared broadcast LAN networks, such as hubbed and wireless networks, packets sniffing can easily be achieved with minimal efforts. However, a switched LAN environment presents a different problem with few available techniques for sniffing. The first technique consists of connecting to an administrative port on the Switch and setting it to broadcast mode. The administrative port will now receive all traffic. A second technique is summarized by sending a large number of spoofed packets, which is usually an ARP packet (Address Resolution Protocol) to the Switch so it fails to open and sends all packets to all ports. However, a recent study[25] shows that only old switches models are vulnerable to this attack. Another technique, which is based on the MiM attack, is to tell target hosts on the LAN network to use an attackers MAC address in order to get to any other host. This technique is based on the generation of malicious ARP traffic. The attacker host takes a copy of the received t raffic then forwards it to the correct host. Today, security devices, such IDSs (An intrusion detection system) [26] and IPSs (An Intrusion Prevention System)[27], have become a standard component of security solutions used to protect computing assets from hostile attacks. IDSs are able to detect many types of attacks, such as denial of service (DoS) and IP spoofing attacks. But, their ability and reliability to detect certain attacks are still questionable, notably the MiM attack. Prevention mechanisms, such as S-ARP[28] and O-ARP[29] lack efficient implementation on real systems and for a performance evaluation 2.2.4 Prevention mechanisms based on secure ARP protocols: A number of cryptographic protocols have targeted issues related to ARP security. For example, S-ARP[28] is a popular ARP security protocol that uses asymmetric cryptography utilizing digitally signed ARP replies. At the receiving end, an entry is updated if and only if the signatures are correctly verified. S-ARP is considerably slow as can be deduced from the results presented in[28]. Furthermore, S-ARP can not prevent against cache poisoning attacks. a. O-ARP technique: O-ARP[29] is a secure ARP technique that is similar to S-ARP with regards to its message format and key management. However, it uses cryptography only when necessary and tries to avoid it when ever possible. The authors in[29] claim that O-ARP is much faster than S-ARP on the average, and can be used as security measure to prevent against cache poisoning attacks. Meanwhile, the authors did not implement O-ARP in any operating system to obtain measurements for its performance. In[30] the authors proposed another Secure Address Resolution Protocol. In this protocol, a secure server shares secret keys with each host on a subnet. The server maintains a database of MAC/IP address mappings, which is updated periodically through communication with each host. All ARP requests and replies occur between a host and the server, and replies are authenticated using the shared pair keys. The main drawback of this technique is congestion at the server, which constitutes a single point of failure in the network. b. Ticket-based Address Resolution Protocol Ticket-based Address Resolution Protocol (TARP)[31] is another secure ARP protocol. TARP is built as an extension to ARP. TARP implements security by distributing centrally issued secure MAC/IP address mapping attestations through existing ARP messages. These attestations, called tickets are given to clients as they join the network and are subsequently distributed through existing ARP messages. Unlike other popular ARP-based solutions, the costs per resolution are reduced to one public key validation per request/reply pair in the worst case. However, networks implementing TARP are vulnerable to two types of attacks-active host impersonation, and DoS through ticket flooding. In addition, TARP does not include support for dynamic environments, mainly when hosts IP addresses changes dynamically. c. Cryptographic Technique Another approach was presented in[32], where the authors proposed a cryptographic technique. The technique is based on the combination of digital signatures and one time passwords based on hash chains. d. ARPSec protocol Moreover, in[33], the ARPSec protocol was proposed as an ARP security extension that intends to solve the security weaknesses of the ARP protocol. ARPSec provides an anti-replay protection and authentication using a secret key shared only by the source and the destination of the packet computed by an authenticated Diffie-Hellman exchange. Unfortunately, no real-time implementation or performance evaluations on actual network systems were performed to quantify their efficiency. At the network layer, the IPSec[34] protocol can be used to facilitate the confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of information communicated using the IP protocol. IPSec proposes solutions for many security issues within the IP protocol, but does not prevent any malicious users from manipulating ARP packets, at the Data link layer, or redirecting target network IP traffic to other destinations. IPSec guaranties the confidentiality and integrity of the redirected IP traffic, but cannot prevent malicious users from causing DoS attacks on target hosts. 2.2.5 Protection mechanisms at the Application layer: Recently, several security protection mechanisms have been proposed at the Application layer. However, such mechanisms might not be effective against certain attacks at the lower layers, mainly at the Data Link layer. For example, in[35], the authors argued that most deployed user authentication mechanisms fail to provide protection against the MiM attack, even when they run on top of the SSL/TLS protocol or other similar protocols. The authors then introduced the notion of SSL/TLS session-aware user authentication, and elaborated on possibilities to implement it. Another example is the Interlock protocol, proposed in[36], which was later shown to be vulnerable to attacks when used for authentication[37]. For enhanced security at the Application layer, in[38] a new proposed technique called Delayed Password Disclosure (DPD) was shown to complement a password-based authentication and key exchange protocol to protect against a special form of the MiM attack, the doppelganger window att ack. On the other hand, in[39] the authors proposed the notion of a Password Protection Module (PPM) that provides protection against the MiM attack for certain situations. PPMs are effective only if they take into account network-related information, such as IP addresses and URLs. This makes PPMs very difficult to deploy and manage. Additional protection mechanisms were proposed in[40] to secure tunneled authentication protocols against the MiM attack. In most cases, prevention mechanisms at the Application layer guarantee the confidentiality and integrity of the traffic exchanged but do not prevent malicious users from redirecting network traffic to their hosts. 2.2.6 External protection mechanisms: Several attempts have been made to address the above security issues through methods external to the ARP protocol. For example, it has been proposed that hosts can statically be cond[41] . This would incur a huge administrative overhead and is largely intractable for dynamic environments. Conversely, the port security[42] features available in recent switches restrict the use of physical ports to con MAC addresses. If an attacker forges its own MAC address and includes an additional frame header containing malicious mapping, poisoning a victims ARP cache can still be possible. This approach only prevents certain kinds of MAC hijacking, but does nothing to prevent MiM attack. Hence, it is only a partial and in many ways limited solution

Cognitive Artifacts & Windows 95 :: essays research papers

Cognitive Artifacts & Windows 95 The article on Cognitive Artifacts by David A. Norman deals with the theories and principles of artifacts as they relate to the user during execution and completion of tasks. These principles and theories that Norman speaks about may be applied to any graphical user interface, however I have chosen to relate the article to the interface known as Windows 95. Within Windows 95, Microsoft has included a little tool called the wizard that guides us through the steps involved in setting up certain applications. This wizard is a very helpful tool to the non experienced computer user, in the way that it acts like a to-do list. The wizard takes a complex task and breaks it into discrete pieces by asking questions and responding to those questions based on the answers. Using Norman's theories on system view and the personal view of artifacts, we see that the system views the wizard as an enhancement. For example, we wanted to set up the Internet explorer, you click on the icon answer the wizard's questions and the computer performs the work. Making sure everything is setup properly without the errors that could occur in configuring the task yourself. The wizard performs all the functions on its little to-do list without having the user worrying about whether he/she remembered to include all the commands. On the side of personal views the user may see the wizard as a new task to learn but in general it is simpler than having to configure the application yourself and making an error, that could cause disaster to your system. The wizard also prevents the user from having to deal with all the internal representation of the application like typing in command lines in the system editor. Within Windows 95 most of the representation is internal therefore we need a way to transform it to surface representation so it is accessible to the user. According to Norman's article there are "three essential ingredients in representational systems. These being the world which is to be represented, the set of symbols representing the world, and an interpreter." This is done in Windows by icons on the desktop and on the start menu. The world we are trying to represent to the user is the application, which can be represented by a symbol which is the icon. These icons on the desktop and on the start menu are the surface representations the user sees when he goes to access the application not all the files used to create it or used in conjunction with the applications

Non Conventional Machine

Module 9 Non-conventional machining Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur Lesson 36 Ultrasonic Machining (USM) Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur Instructional Objectives i. ii. iii. iv. Describe the basic mechanism of material removal in USM Identify the process parameters of USM Identify the machining characteristics of USM Analyse the effect of process parameters on material removal rate (MRR) v. Develop mathematical model relating MRR with USM parameters vi. Draw variation in MRR with different process parameters vii. Identify major components of USM equipment viii. State the working principle of USM equipment ix.Draw schematically the USM equipment x. List three applications of USM xi. List three limitations of USM 1. Introduction Ultrasonic machining is a non-traditional machining process. USM is grouped under the mechanical group NTM processes. Fig. 9. 2. 1 briefly depicts the USM process. Force, F Slurry of abrasive and water Horn Vibration frequency f ~ 19 – 25 kHz Amplitude, a ~ 10 à ¢â‚¬â€œ 50 ? m Tool Work Fig. 9. 2. 1 The USM process In ultrasonic machining, a tool of desired shape vibrates at an ultrasonic frequency (19 ~ 25 kHz) with an amplitude of around 15 – 50 ? over the workpiece. Generally the tool is pressed downward with a feed force, F. Between the tool and workpiece, the machining zone is flooded with hard abrasive particles generally in the form of a water based slurry. As the tool vibrates over the workpiece, the abrasive particles act as the indenters and indent both the work material and the tool. The abrasive particles, as they indent, the work material, would remove the same, particularly if the work material is brittle, due to crack initiation, propagation and brittle fracture of the Version 2 ME, IIT Kharagpur aterial. Hence, USM is mainly used for machining brittle materials {which are poor conductors of electricity and thus cannot be processed by Electrochemical and Electro-discharge machining (ECM and ED)}. 2. Mechanisms of Mater ial Removal in USM and its modelling As has been mentioned earlier, USM is generally used for machining brittle work material. Material removal primarily occurs due to the indentation of the hard abrasive grits on the brittle work material. As the tool vibrates, it leads to indentation of the abrasive grits.During indentation, due to Hertzian contact stresses, cracks would develop just below the contact site, then as indentation progresses the cracks would propagate due to increase in stress and ultimately lead to brittle fracture of the work material under each individual interaction site between the abrasive grits and the workpiece. The tool material should be such that indentation by the abrasive grits does not lead to brittle failure. Thus the tools are made of tough, strong and ductile materials like steel, stainless steel and other ductile metallic alloys.Other than this brittle failure of the work material due to indentation some material removal may occur due to free flowing impact of the abrasives against the work material and related solid-solid impact erosion, but it is estimated to be rather insignificant. Thus, in the current model, material removal would be assumed to take place only due to impact of abrasives between tool and workpiece, followed by indentation and brittle fracture of the workpiece. The model does consider the deformation of the tool.In the current model, all the abrasives are considered to be identical in shape and size. An abrasive particle is considered to be spherical but with local spherical bulges as shown in Fig. 9. 2. 2. The abrasive particles are characterised by the average grit diameter, dg. It is further assumed that the local spherical bulges have a uniform diameter, db and which is related to the grit diameter by db = ? dg2. Thus an abrasive is characterised by ? and dg. db db db db dg Fig. 9. 2. 2 Schematic representation of abrasive grit Version 2 ME, IIT KharagpurDuring indentation by the abrasive grit onto the w orkpiece and the tool, the local spherical bulges contact the surfaces and the indentation process is characterised by db rather than by dg. Fig. 9. 2. 3 shows the interaction between the abrasive grit and the workpiece and tool. Tool db abrasive grit db Work A B db 2x C D ?w Hemispherical material removed due to brittle Fig. 9. 2. 3 Interaction between grit and workpiece and tool As the indentation proceeds, the contact zone between the abrasive grit and workpiece is established and the same grows.The contact zone is circular in nature and is characterised by its diameter ‘2x’. At full indentation, the indentation depth in the work material is characterised by ? w. Due to the indentation, as the work material is brittle, brittle fracture takes place leading to hemi-spherical fracture of diameter ‘2x’ under the contact zone. Therefore material removal per abrasive grit is given as 2 ? w = ? x 3 3 Now from Fig. 9. 2. 3 AB 2 = AC 2 + BC 2 ? db ? ?d ? ? ? = ? b ? ? w ? + x2 ? 2 ? ? 2 ? 2 x = db? w neglecting ? w2 as ? w

Origins of the Kettlebell. Strength and Cardio Training

The kettlebell is a peculiar piece of gym equipment. While it looks like a cannonball with a looping handle protruding at the top, it can  easily be mistaken for an ironcast tea kettle on steroids. It also happens to be growing in popularity, allowing athletes and those just trying to stay in shape to perform a wide range of specialized strength-building exercises with kettlebells. Born in Russia It’s hard to say who invented the kettlebell, though variations of the concept go as far back as Ancient Greece. Theres even a 315-pound kettlebell with the inscription  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Bibon heaved up me above a head by one head on display at the Archaeological Museum of Olympia in Athens. The first mention of the term, however, shows up in a Russian dictionary published in 1704 as Girya, which translates to kettlebell in English. Kettlebell exercises were later popularized in the late 1800s by a Russian physician named Vladislav Kraevsky, considered by many to be the countrys founding father of Olympic weight training. After spending roughly a decade traveling around the world researching exercise techniques, he opened one of Russias first weight training facilities where kettlebells and barbells were introduced as a core part of a comprehensive fitness routine. By the early 1900s, Olympic weightlifters in Russia were using kettlebells to shore up weaker areas, while soldiers used them to improve their conditioning in preparation in combat. But it wasnt until 1981 that the government finally threw its weight behind the trend and mandated kettlebell training for all citizens as a way to boost overall health and productivity.  In 1985, the Soviet Unions first national championship kettlebell games were held in Lipetsk, Russia. In the United States, it’s only as recent as the beginning of the century that kettlebell has caught on, particularly in the last few years. A-list celebrities such as Matthew McConaughey, Jessica Biel, Sylvester Stallone, and Vanessa Hudgens have been known to utilize kettlebell workouts to strengthen and tone. There’s even an all-kettlebell gym located in Ontario, Canada, called the IronCore Kettlebell club. Kettlebells vs. Barbells What distinguishes a kettlebell workout from training with barbells is an emphasis on a wider range of movement that involves several muscle groups. Whereas barbells are generally used to directly target isolated muscle groups, such as the biceps, the kettlebell’s weight is away from the hand, allowing for swinging moves and other full body exercises. Case in point, here’s a few kettlebell exercises aimed at cardiovascular and strength improvement: High Pull: Similar to a squat, the kettlebell is lifted from the floor and brought up toward the shoulder level with one hand while straightening out to a standing position and returning back to the floor. Alternating between both arms, this move hits the shoulders, arms, buttocks, and hamstrings.Lunge Press: Holding the kettlebell in front of the chest with both hands, lunge forward and lift the weight over your head. Alternating each leg, this allows you to target the shoulders, back, arms, abs, buttocks, and legs.  Russian Swing: Standing with knees slightly bent and feet apart, hold the kettlebell just below the groin with both hands and with both arms straight. Lowering and driving the hips back, thrust the hips forward and swing the weight forward up to shoulder level before letting the weight swing back down to the original position. This move targets the shoulders, back, hips, glutes, and legs.  Ã‚   Additionally, kettlebell exercises burn more calories than conventional weightlifting exercises, up 20 calories a minute, according to a study by the American Council on Exercise (ACE). This is roughly the same amount of burn youd get from a rigorous cardio workout. Despite the benefits, the one drawback is that only select gyms carry them. So where can you go to find kettlebell equipment outside of obvious places like the IronCore gym? Fortunately, an increasing number of boutique gyms have them, along with kettlebell classes. Also, since theyre compact, portable and with many shops selling them for prices comparable to the cost of barbells, it might be worth it to just buy a set. Source Beltz, Nick M.S. ACE Sponsored Research Study: Kettlebells Kick Butt. Dustin Erbes, M.S., John P. Porcari, et al., American Council on Exercise, April 2013.