The Maya Lowlands Region of the Maya Civilization

The Maya lowlands region is where the Classic Maya civilization arose. An extensive area including some 96,000 square miles (250,000 square kilometers), the Maya lowlands are located in the northern part of Central America, in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, Guatemala and Belize, at sea level elevations from 25 feet (7.6 meters) to approximately 2,600 ft (800 m) above sea level. In contrast, the Maya highlands area (above 2,600 ft) is located south of the lowlands in mountainous regions of Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras. Key Takeaways: Maya Lowlands The Maya lowlands is the name of a region of central America that includes parts of Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize.  The region is a hugely varied environment, from desert to tropical rain forest, and in this varied climate, the Classic Maya arose and developedBetween 3 and 13 million people lived there during classic period times.   Lowland Maya People Map of the Maya Region. Base Map: GringoInChile At the height of the Classic period Maya civilization, about 700 CE, there were between 3 million to 13 million people living in the Maya Lowlands. They lived in about 30 small polities that varied in their organization, from expansive regional states to smaller city-states and loosely organized associations. The polities spoke different Maya languages and dialects and practiced different forms of social and political organization. Some interacted within a broader Mesoamerican system, trading with many different groups such as the Olmec. There were similarities among the polities in the Maya lowlands: they practiced a settlement pattern of low-density urbanism, and their rulers were political and religious leaders called kujul ajaw (holy lord), who were supported by a dynastic royal court made up of family members, religious and administrative officials, and artisans. The Maya communities also shared a market economy, that combined both an elite-controlled trading network of exotic materials, as well as a day-to-day market for individuals. The lowland Maya grew avocado, beans, chili peppers, squash, cacao and maize, and raised turkeys and macaws; and they made pottery and figurines, as well as tools and other objects of obsidian, greenstone, and shell. The Maya people of the lowlands also shared complex ways to retain water (constructed bedrock chambers called chultunes, wells, and reservoirs), hydraulic management methods (canals and dams), and enhanced agricultural production (terraces and raised and drained fields called chinampas.) They built public spaces (ballcourts, palaces, temples), private spaces (houses, residential plaza groups), and infrastructure (roads and processional routes known as sacbe, public plazas, and storage facilities). Modern Maya living in the region today include the Yucatec Maya of the northern lowlands, the Chorti Maya in the southeastern lowlands, and the Tzotzil in the southwestern lowlands. Variations in the Climate Great Cenote at Chichen Itza. Michael Rael Overall, there is little exposed surface water in the region: what there is can be found in lakes in the Peten, swamps, and cenotes, natural sinkholes created by the Chicxulub crater impact. In general terms of climate, the Maya lowland region experiences a rainy and muggy season from June to October, a relatively cool season from November to February, and a hot season from March to May. The heaviest rainfall ranges from 35–40 inches per year on the west coast of the Yucatan to 55 inches on the east coast.   Scholars have divided the Lowland Maya region into many different zones, based on differences in agricultural soils, the length and timing of wet and dry seasons, water supply and quality, elevation about sea level, vegetation, and biotic and mineral resources. In general, the southeastern parts of the region are moist enough to support a complex canopy of a tropical rain forest, ranging up to 130 ft (40 m) in height; while the northwest corner of the Yucatan is so dry that it approaches desert-like extremes. The entire area is characterized by shallow or waterlogged soils and was once covered in dense tropical forests. The forests harbored a range of animals, including two kinds of deer, peccary, tapir, jaguar, and several species of monkeys. Sites in the Maya Lowlands Mexico: Dzibilchaltun, Mayapan, Uxmal, Tulum, Ek Balam, Labna, Calakmul, Palenque, Yaxchilan, Bonampak, Coba, Sayil, Chichen Itza, XicalangoBelize: Altun Ha, Pulltrouser Swamp, Xunantunich, LamanaiGuatemala: El Mirador, Piedras Negras, Nakbe, Tikal, Ceibal Sources and Further Reading Ball, Joseph W. The Maya Lowlands North. Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia. Eds. Evans, Susan Toby and David L. Webster. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 2001. 433–441. Print.Chase, Arlen F., et al. Tropical Landscapes and the Ancient Maya: Diversity in Time and Space. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 24.1 (2014): 11–29. Print.Douglas, Peter M.J., et al. Impacts of Climate Change on the Collapse of Lowland Maya Civilization. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 44.1 (2016): 613–45. Print.Gunn, Joel D., et al. A Distribution Analysis of the Central Maya Lowlands Ecoinformation Network: Its Rises, Falls, and Changes. Ecology and Society 22.1 (2017). Print.Houston, Stephen D. The Maya Lowlands South. Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia. Eds. Evans, Susan Toby and David L. Webster. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 2001. 441–4417. Print.Lucero, Lisa J., Roland Fletcher, and Robin Coningham. From ‘Collapse’ to Urban Diaspora: The Transformation of Low-Density, Dispersed Agrarian Urbanism. Antiquity 89.347 (2015): 1139–54. Print.Rice, Prudence M. Middle Preclassic Interregional Interaction and the Maya Lowlands. Journal of Archaeological Research 23.1 (2015): 1–47. Print.

Review Of Songs Of My Generation - 1382 Words

Hey guys, Sophie Jeffrey here for Channel [V]. Welcome back to another segment of ‘Songs of My Generation’. This week we’ll take a look back at the totally tubular 80s. The 80s was full of many things: Rubik’s Cubes, Wrestling, Pac Man, Lip Smackers, Nintendo, skateboarding, roller skating, Horror films, the BratPack, connect four, Tupperware parties, pop rocks, Weird Al Yankovic, who’s currently making a comeback FYI†¦ and the list goes on! Horror films made their way onto the scene in the 80s with thousands flocking to movie theatres to see the latest scary flick. The 80’s are to thank for some of the popular fashion trends we still see today: RayBans, Doc Martens, bright colours and denim jackets, but while some of the fashion trends found in the 80s soared, others, like leg warmers, spandex, shoulder pads, parachute pants, mullets, perms, sweaters around the waist, big hair bows, all definitely proved that with the good always comes t he bad. 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The Debate on Abortion free essay sample

There are laws that make abortion legal at any point of time till birth in Australia, Canada, Germany, United States and as many as 30 other countries. Remaining countries either have partial restrictions on abortion like the first or second trimesters of pregnancy or complete ban unless it’s fatal for the mother. What is abortion? Abortion can be defined as pregnancy termination accidentally as in a miscarriage or by choice. Hereby we would be weighing the pros and cons of abortion (voluntary) ; and discussing whether the availability of abortion is an important right for women to have. Abortions caused by rape, incest and possible health concerns to mother/baby constitute just 7%. Social and personal issues are the cause for rest of the abortions. Abortion Debate Facts Half the percentage of women obtaining abortions is below 25. Around 60% of abortions are performed on never married women. When a woman decides to go for an abortion, it’s not an impulsive decision, though the preceding act might be impetuous. Concluding whether to abort, keep the baby or give it up for adoption is really hard and may lead to post-abortion trauma. Abortion Cons Reasons Against Abortion The important con that should be considered is can we choose to kill unwanted pregnancies? One shouldn’t be so irresponsible to land up in a situation where they have to be unmerciful to the unborn. Most of unplanned pregnancies if extended to childbirth may prove to be wanted later. A growing embryo is considered human with the heartbeats initiating as early as 21st day of conception. So what if we cannot see the human form, it does have the potential to gain one. Choosing adoption as an alternative to abortion would give the baby its right to life. Should people opt for abortion as last-minute contraception when preaching their kids about the consequences of casual sex? Infection, sepsis, recurrent miscarriages and rarely death could be the complications of abortions. Abortions can cause serious psychological impairment to the woman in the form of depression and guilt. Good Reasons for Abortion Abortion Pros Though women have a hard time choosing abortion as an option for unwanted pregnancies, they have been making that choice since a long time. Ultimately she is the one who would be going through the actual Labor of continuing pregnancy, delivering a baby, bringing it up, parenting it well, in addition to other obligations she has to do in her daily life. To get it done with little or no help from the partner and families needs a well-balanced body and mind. There is nothing called pro-choice and pro life. Both ideologies meet at one common point i. e. Pro-Life Life of the baby and Life of the mother. Life of the baby ultimately depends on mother’s health and its best to allow the mother to choose for her when she wants a baby. While we argue about the mental well being of a woman, how do others get to decide what would be more traumatic to the woman, abortion or childbirth and the unending list of duties waiting to be accomplished. An attempt to restrict the abortions would rise not only the percentage of illegal and unsafe abortions but also the expenses of the procedure. A new law would be needed to tackle the illegal abortions and further legal hassles would have no ends. Legalize or not, abortions would always be a part of society. Deciding factor whether to abort or not would be different for different people. To one abortion can be traumatic, to the other forced childbirth can be equally traumatic. It’s impossible to decide a particular set of rules for all. It all depends on multifaceted approach of each person, her psychological strength, supportive circumstances in helping her decide and help her being convinced about her decisions. ?Pro-Life 1. Since life begins at conception, abortion is akin to murder as it is the act of taking human life. Abortion is in direct defiance of the commonly accepted idea of the sanctity of human life 2. No civilized society permits one human to intentionally harm or take the life of another human without punishment, and abortion is no different. 3. Adoption is a viable alternative to abortion and accomplishes the same result. And with 1. 5 million American families wanting to adopt a child, there is no such thing as an unwanted child. 4. An abortion can result in medical complications later in life; the risk of ectopic pregnancies doubles, and the chance of a miscarriage and pelvic inflammatory disease also increases. 5. In the instance of rape and incest, proper medical care can ensure that a woman will not get pregnant. Abortion punishes the unborn child who committed no crime; instead, it is the perpetrator who should be punished. 6. Abortion should not be used as another form of contraception. 7. For women who demand complete control of their body, control should include preventing the risk of unwanted pregnancy through the responsible use of contraception or, if that is not possible, through abstinence. 8. Many Americans who pay taxes are opposed to abortion, therefore its morally wrong to use tax dollars to fund abortion. . Those who choose abortions are often minors or young women with insufficient life experience to understand fully what they are doing. Many have lifelong regrets afterwards. 10. Abortion frequently causes intense psychological pain and stress. Pro-Choice 1. Nearly all abortions take place in the first trimester, when a fetus cannot exist independent of the mother. As it is at tached by the placenta and umbilical cord, its health is dependent on her health, and cannot be regarded as a separate entity as it cannot exist outside her womb. 2. The concept of personhood is different from the concept of human life. Human life occurs at conception, but fertilized eggs used for in vitro fertilization are also human lives and those not implanted are routinely thrown away. Is this murder, and if not, then how is abortion murder? 3. Adoption is not an alternative to abortion, because it remains the womans choice whether or not to give her child up for adoption. Statistics show that very few women who give birth choose to give up their babies less than 3% of white unmarried women and less than 2% of black unmarried women. 4. Abortion is a safe medical procedure. The vast majority of women 88% who have an abortion do so in their first trimester. Medical abortions have less than 0. 5% risk of serious complications and do not affect a womans health or future ability to become pregnant or give birth. 5. In the case of rape or incest, forcing a woman made pregnant by this violent act would cause further psychological harm to the victim. Often a woman is too afraid to speak up or is unaware she is pregnant, thus the morning after pill is ineffective in these situations. 6. Abortion is not used as a form of contraception. Pregnancy can occur even with responsible contraceptive use. Only 8% of women who have abortions do not use any form of birth control, and that is due more to individual carelessness than to the availability of abortion. 7. The ability of a woman to have control of her body is critical to civil rights. Take away her reproductive choice and you step onto a slippery slope. If the government can force a woman to continue a pregnancy, what about forcing a woman to use contraception or undergo sterilization? 8. Taxpayer dollars are used to enable poor women to access the same medical services as rich women, and abortion is one of these services. Funding abortion is no different from funding a war in the Mideast. For those who are opposed, the place to express outrage is in the voting booth. 9. Teenagers who become mothers have grim prospects for the future. They are much more likely to leave of school; receive inadequate prenatal care; rely on public assistance to raise a child; develop health problems; or end up divorced. 10. Like any other difficult situation, abortion creates stress. Yet the American Psychological Association found that stress was greatest prior to an abortion, and that there was no evidence of post-abortion syndrome. Facing an unplanned pregnancy can be very difficult and scary for a teenager, and deciding what to do will be even harder. No matter what her political persuasion, it always comes down to a very intimate, personal decision that no teenager makes without some degree of emotional trauma. All of the options: abortion, or raising the baby, or allowing another individual to adopt the baby carry emotional pain and personal sacrifice. Statistics In the U. S. , teen abortion accounts for 19% of all procedures of this nature. The average age of those receiving abortions is dropping from 19 to 17. Over 50% of abortions performed annually are on women under the age of 25 with the ages of 18 and 19 accounting for the highest number performed. There are currently twenty-one states that require parental permission for a teen abortion and eighteen states that do not. There are also fourteen states that require a parental notification before performance of an abortion on a minor. The notification law requires that parents be notified, but permission of a parent is not necessary to go ahead with the procedure. At this time in the United States abortions are legal. Teen abortion facts reveal that though the teen pregnancy rate has declined in the United States over the last ten years, the percentages have actually increased. Teens are at higher risk for post-abortion infections such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and endometritis (inflammation of the uterus), which may be caused either by the spread of an undiagnosed sexually transmitted disease into the uterus during the abortion, or by micro-organisms on the surgical instruments which are inserted into the uterus. Teens who abort are 2 to 4 times more likely to commit suicide than adults who abort, and a history of abortion is likely to be associated with adolescent suicidal thinking. Teens who abort are more likely to develop psychological problems, and are nearly three times more likely to be admitted to mental health hospitals than teens in general. Teens risk further injury or death because they are unlikely to inform parents of any physical complications. The most common reasons a teenager chooses abortion are:  · Cannot afford a baby Doesnt want anyone to know she has had sex or is pregnant  · Doesnt want to be a single parent  · Her partner or parent wants her to have an abortion  · Not ready to become a parent  · She is too immature to have a child  · She was a survivor of rape or incest  · She or the fetus has a health problem Medical Reasons For Partial-Birth Abortions- Medical conditions and indications may develop after the first trimester (12 weeks) of pregnancy that could threaten the mothers life and/or health. Late-occurring medical conditions can include:  · Heart failure  · Severe or uncontrollable diabetes Serious renal disease  · Uncontrollable hypertension (high blood pressure)  · Severe depression Some of the consequences of compulsory pregnancy or forced motherhood (i. e. , unwanted children) are as follows. The child:  · has more emotional handicaps  · does less well scholastically; is a low achiever  · is twice as likely to have record of juvenile delinquency  · is 4x as likely to have adult criminal record  · is more likely to abuse alcohol and drugs  · is 6x more likely to receive welfare between 16-21  · has poorer relationships with parents  · is at a higher risk to be abused or neglected by parents Some of the disadvantages of going through with an abortion are:  · creates feelings of regret and grief  · does not give the child that is in the womb a chance at life, thus it is looked down upon by many religions  · having an abortion always lessens your chances for having children later in life  · teens who have participated in abortion repeatedly report feeling deceived by those selling abortions and become preoccupied with concern for Gods judgment and punishment  · the would-be-mother will always wonder what if and may feel some level of guilt for the rest of her life about the child she could have had Adoption vs. Abortion With adoption:  · You usually feel positive about your choice  · You can have continued contact with your baby  · You will have plenty of time to plan you and your babys future  · You will remember giving birth  · Your pregnancy ends with giving life With Abortion:  · Abortion is final; you cant go back on your decision  · You may feel guilt and shame about your choice  · You will miss the opportunity to see your child develop  · You will remember taking a life  · Your pregnancy ends with death Teens are more likely to make a snap judgment and try to cover up their pregnancy from their parents by having an abortion. Teens are also more likely to report having wanted to keep the baby, higher levels of feeling misinformed in pre-abortion counseling, less satisfaction with abortion services and greater post-abortion stress. Teens were also more likely to use immature coping strategies such as projection of their problems on to others, denial, or acting out, than older women, strategies researchers speculate might become permanent. Despite the fact that supporters without parental consent continually leave the spiritual devastation component out of the discussions, teen abortion facts tell us that teens who have participated in abortion repeatedly feel deceived by those selling abortions and become preoccupied with concern for Gods judgment and punishment. Teen abortion is an especially difficult thing to deal with, especially when having to possibly confront your parents and hoping that your partner will be supportive. Teens are encouraged to involve parents in their decision to have an abortion, and most do have a parent involved. In most of these states, if she cant talk with her parents or chooses not to she can appear before a judge. The judge will consider whether shes mature enough to decide on her own. If not, the judge will decide whether an abortion is in the teens best interests. In any case, if there are complications during the procedure, parents of minors may be notified. Before a teenager makes decisions in haste, or as an attempt to undo a wrong, teens and parents on both sides of the parental consent debate should get the teen abortion facts and found out as much about abortion and post-abortion procedure complications. If you are a pregnant teen, keeping your perspective at this time is critical. The most important thing to remember is that you do have a choice. There are three main paths: parenting, abortion or adoption. Abortion is the process in which the developing child is removed from a mothers womb. Keeping all situations and instances in mind, abortion was and still stays, an act of violence against the unborn child as well as the woman about to have a baby, apart from being a moral crime in itself. Abortion is a highly controversial and debatable subject. Here are some points supporting the anti-abortion arguments. There are various moral as well as logical, everyday arguments against abortion. Life and death are closely related, and so are the arguments to it. One of the fundamental and basic arguments supporting anti-abortion is the argument so put forward against capital punishment what right do humans have to curtail the life of something that providence has created? Abortion, was considered as a sin in many religions till some years ago. Another argument that supports the anti-abortion drive is the same argument that was supporting the large families of four to five siblings in the time gone by children are a gift of god, and the parents are just the people who take care of them, Gods gift. Another moral argument put across as a reason against abortion is yet again a phrase instilled into humankind since time incarnate If providence has given, it shall arrange for it too. Simply put, this means that a child has been brought on earth, he or she should be given a full chance to live a life, as God must have planned something for them. While the above arguments may not find favor amongst the modern generation or even the atheists, who consider life forming as a simple scientific process, here are some various psychological, medical and human-emotions related facts against abortion. While it cannot be said whether an abortion is an unforgivable event, it is of course an unforgettable event. An abortion plays havoc with the psychology and the future life of the entire family. The woman who has lost her child, at any time between the pregnancy, will never be the same. While the woman may be the hardest hit by an abortion, one also has to think about the mental and emotional state of the entire family. While physically only the woman undergoes an abortion, mentally and emotionally it is the entire family who loses a part of their mind and body forever. Anesthesia is available only for the physical structure of the human body, not for the emotional and mental state of a person. Abortion also emanates into various medical complications in the woman which can be considered as the cons of abortion. Some of the general complications arising in women due to abortions are: Blocked fallopian tubes Weakened cervix uterine scarring damage to the womans reproductive system which may make her unable to conceive in the future Apart from these common problems, women may also: ace the increase in the probability of an increase in tubal babies hysterectomies miscarriages stillbirths premature births Abortion is also related to the increase of chances of breast, uterine and cervical cancer in women. Apart from the other facts about abortion, it is a fact that almost ninety percent of the abortions taking place in the United States of America are illegal. These illegal abortionists work on almost an assembly line basis, and not every product they de liver is top-of-the-rack. Illegal abortions greatly increases the health risk to the mother, apart from the above described situations. Illegal abortions may not be hundred percent hygienic and may create a leeway for hundreds of types of infections and other medical malpractice situations for the mother. Overall, there are a lot of arguments against abortion, that proves it is not only a moral sin, but can also create great problems to the woman and the family. The cons of abortion are great and uncountable and women and families should think twice, thrice, forever before affirming to an abortion.

James Morrison Essays - The Rifle, Rifle, , Term Papers

James Morrison In 1768, west of Philadelphia there was a man named Cornish McManus. He was in a gunsmith business. He was thirty-five years old and had been an apprentice and then an assistant to a master gunsmith, his name was John Waynewright. Cornish was a good artist. While the time working for John Waynewright Cornish never got to do anything special to the rifles. Later on Cornish opened his own business. He was doing well. One day a customer came in with his daughter. It was love at first sight. They eventually got married. She was pregnant with a baby. That meant he had to work harder to support them. One day Cornish saw this peace of wood in his pile. As soon as he saw it he thought of making a sweet rifle. A sweet rifle is a rifle that looks so artistic and shoots so accurate. He spent months and months on it. He would stay up all night in the candle light just to do it. That is part of the reasons it took him so long. Finally he was done. He went outside and shot at a log three times. He went down and checked the log. There was only one hole in the log. He thought to himself, that is impossible. He checked it again and there was three bullets in one hole. He was getting low on money and supplies. So he was forced to sell the rifle. He sold it to a guy named John Byam. Byam set off into the woods. He met up with British soldiers. They were just going to hang a man when Byam shot one of the soldiers. When the horse the man was sitting on heard the shot and ran out from underneath the man. The man died. The soldiers shot at him. One of them hit his horse. So he grabbed the sattle and got on his carrying horse. They went about a mile and came to a ravine. Cornish's horse made it cause it was so strong. The britishes horse's all fell and broke there legs. Cornish met up with these green coated men. they surrounded him. They were good guys. They were called McNary's Rangers. They asked him if he wanted to join them. Byam decided he would join there group, so he fought for them for a couple of years. In one of the battles he grew sick, then he eventually died. This women bought the rifle for her two sons that were in the war. As it turned out, the next thing she heard was that her sons both died in the war. she put in her attack. About two-hundred years later a man found it. He worked at a gas station. One day a man pulled up and saw it. The man ended up a collector of guns. He traded an Elvis picture for the Rifle. The man put the rifle on his wall. At Christmas time a kid next door was putting up things on the tree. There was a candle next to the rifle on the wall. Nobody throught after all those years to checked if the rifle was loaded, it was. The candle hit the dried up gun powder and made the rifle shoot. It went through the window of the house and through the window of the house the boy was in. It went right for his head. It hit him in the head. Before he hit the ground he was dead. The boy's mom killed herself because she was so depressed. His dad through the rifle over a bridge. A guy saw him and snagged it with a fishing rod. The dad later died in a car accident. Cornish McManus was a artistic person, who was a gunsmith. He was a very thoughtful person. He gave up his best creation for his wife and kid. John Waynewright was a average person, who was making rifles just for the money. He didn't want to experiment at all. John Byam was a wonderer, who liked to travel. He was a really good shot. He fought in the war. I think this story is about how people are all different. It tells a story of a rifle that went two-hundred years. It is sad at the end. I never thought that a innocent little boy would die. The story shows how important and dangerous guns are. The conclusion is that if you have a gun someone or something